Programa de ejercicios excéntricos en tendinopatías para atletas de alto rendimiento.

Eccentric exercise program in tendinopathies for high performance athletes.

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Pamela Guadalupe Castro Maldonado

Resumen

Introducción: En 2017, en la Ciudad de México, se realizó una estadística sobre las principales patologías en atletas de alto rendimiento. Basado en los hallazgos encontrados, se revisan los conceptos, tratamientos y abordajes, con relación a las tendinopatías. Se describen protocolos de ejercicios excéntricos, que demostraron la eficacia del ejercicio excéntrico. La eficacia de este tipo de ejercicio, se debe a la respuesta de los tendones al entrenamiento excéntrico. La tendinopatía, nombre colectivo para tendinitis, tendinosis y paratendinitis, es el síndrome clínico, que describe las lesiones por uso excesivo del tendón. Se caracteriza por una combinación de dolor, inflamación difusa o localizada y pérdida de la función, daño térmico y respuestas compresivas adaptativas. Objetivo: Establecer la eficacia de los protocolos de ejercicios excéntricos, desde su concepción hasta su aplicación, a padecimientos de tendinopatía y enunciar la ventaja que tienen sobre otros tipos de ejercicios. Metodología: Se describen los protocolos de ejercicios excéntricos, que demostraron la eficacia del ejercicio excéntrico. La eficacia de este tipo de ejercicio, se debe a la respuesta de los tendones al entrenamiento excéntrico. Resultados: En esta revisión bibliográfica, se reportan que los programas de ejercicios excéntricos, bien diseñados, mejoran significativamente a los pacientes con tendinopatías y los resultados se mantienen a medio-largo plazo. Conclusiones: La revisión de la literatura que aquí se presenta arroja luz sobre los beneficios que tienen los ejercicios excéntricos, especialmente, en el proceso metabólico y en las propiedades mecánicas en el tendón, lo cual, específicamente, ayuda a la evolución favorable de estas patologías.

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