Interacción de microorganismos benéficos en plantas: Micorrizas, Trichoderma spp. y Pseudomonas spp. una revisión

A review of interaction of beneficial microorganisms in plants: Mycorrhizae, Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas spp.

Contenido principal del artículo

Mario Alejandro Cano

Resumen

Existe una amplia gama de interrelaciones entre especies de microorganismos en los ecosistemas, tales como sinérgicas, antagónicas, de competencia física y bioquímica, moduladas por múltiples y complejos factores bióticos y abióticos. En la rizósfera, uno de los principales sitios donde se presentan microorganismos, específicamente funcionales, como fijadores de nitrógeno, solubilizadores de fosfatos, promotores del crecimiento vegetal, biocontroladores y especies patogénicas, normalmente, compiten por espacio y por nutrientes. Estas interrelaciones entre microorganismos inciden en la interacción suelo-planta-microorganismos-ambiente y repercuten, de forma directa, en el crecimiento y en el desarrollo de las especies vegetales. Microorganismos rizosféricos, como los hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (AMF), hongos del género Trichoderma y bacterias del género Pseudomonas, usualmente, catalogados como agentes de control biológico (BCA) y microorganismos promotores del crecimiento vegetal (PGPM), dependen de los factores mencionados para expresar sus potenciales efectos benéficos; sin embargo, en la interacción de estos tres tipos de microorganismos, se pueden presentar efectos sinérgicos, que potencialicen los beneficios o, por el contrario, efectos antagónicos o simplemente que no ocurra ningún efecto en el crecimiento y en el desarrollo de las plantas. De acuerdo a lo anterior, el propósito de esta revisión es brindar información que permita comprender algunas de las interacciones entre microorganismos y, de esta manera, lograr dilucidar la aplicabilidad de la co-inoculación de BCA y PGPM de diferentes especies, con un objetivo común, el control o la regulación biológica de fitopatógenos y, como efecto conjunto y paralelo, la estimulación del crecimiento vegetal.

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