La reproducción de la vaca se afecta por las altas temperaturas ambientales

High environmental temperatures affect reproduction in the cow

Contenido principal del artículo

Agustín Góngora
Aureliano Hernández

Resumen

Se presenta una revisión crítica pertinente a los principales efectos de altas temperaturas sobre la fisiología reproductiva de la vaca, para resaltar la importancia económica y científica de su adaptación a las condiciones tropicales, en contraste con las que se presentan en países estacionales. Se altera el desarrollo folicular, el celo, la implantación, el desarrollo embrionario temprano, la gestación, el parto y el regreso al calor durante el posparto. Las pérdidas económicas ocasionadas por esta causa, no han sido estimadas en Colombia, ni en los países tropicales. Los efectos se ven más acentuados en aquellas razas que provienen del Bos taurus, dada su mayor tasa metabólica y menor capacidad para disipar el calor; sin embargo, las alteraciones que se puedan ocasionar, dependerán del grado de adaptación de los animales, lo cual, es clave para entender las excepciones existentes, en algunos casos, de razas taurinas colombianas, adaptadas a rangos de temperatura, que son nocivos en animales no adaptados. El suministro de zonas para protección de los animales de la radiación solar directa y de resguardo de las bajas temperaturas son medidas que deben evitar o disminuir el efecto del estrés térmico, por altas o bajas temperaturas. Se hace necesario reorientar los sistemas de selección genética en la búsqueda de bovinos que se adapten mejor a las condiciones climáticas propias de los ecosistemas colombianos. Las altas temperaturas causan disminución del tiempo de pastoreo y bajo consumo de alimento en la horas de mayor temperatura, lo que tiene injerencia en el desempeño reproductivo.

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