La reproducción de la vaca se afecta por las altas temperaturas ambientales
High environmental temperatures affect reproduction in the cow
Barra lateral del artículo
PDF
FLIP
HTML
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Se presenta una revisión crítica pertinente a los principales efectos de altas temperaturas sobre la fisiología reproductiva de la vaca, para resaltar la importancia económica y científica de su adaptación a las condiciones tropicales, en contraste con las que se presentan en países estacionales. Se altera el desarrollo folicular, el celo, la implantación, el desarrollo embrionario temprano, la gestación, el parto y el regreso al calor durante el posparto. Las pérdidas económicas ocasionadas por esta causa, no han sido estimadas en Colombia, ni en los países tropicales. Los efectos se ven más acentuados en aquellas razas que provienen del Bos taurus, dada su mayor tasa metabólica y menor capacidad para disipar el calor; sin embargo, las alteraciones que se puedan ocasionar, dependerán del grado de adaptación de los animales, lo cual, es clave para entender las excepciones existentes, en algunos casos, de razas taurinas colombianas, adaptadas a rangos de temperatura, que son nocivos en animales no adaptados. El suministro de zonas para protección de los animales de la radiación solar directa y de resguardo de las bajas temperaturas son medidas que deben evitar o disminuir el efecto del estrés térmico, por altas o bajas temperaturas. Se hace necesario reorientar los sistemas de selección genética en la búsqueda de bovinos que se adapten mejor a las condiciones climáticas propias de los ecosistemas colombianos. Las altas temperaturas causan disminución del tiempo de pastoreo y bajo consumo de alimento en la horas de mayor temperatura, lo que tiene injerencia en el desempeño reproductivo.
Palabras clave:
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Referencias (VER)
AL-KATANANI, Y.M.; WEBB, D.W.; HANSEN, P.J. 1999. Factors affecting seasonal variation in 90 day non-return rate to first service in lactating Holstein cows in a hot climate. J. Dairy Sci. 82:2611-2615.
ARÉCHIGA-FLÓREZ, C.F. 2000. Estrategias para incrementar la fertilidad de vacas lecheras expuestas a estrés calórico. In: Memorias Tópicos selectos en reproducción bovina. U.A.M.Z., U.A.Z. Zacatecas México. p.121-129.
ARÉCHIGA-FLOREZ, C.F.; HANSEN, P.J. 2003. Adverse impact of climate on reproductive processes of the bovine. Vet. Zacatecas. 2:89-107.
ARMSTRONG, D.V. 1994. Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling. J. Dairy Sci. 77:2044-2050.
ASHWORTH, C.J.; TOMA, L.M.; HUNTER, M.G. 2009. Nutritional effects on oocyte and embryo development in mammals: implications for reproductive efficiency and environmental sustainability. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 364:3351-3361.
BADINGA, L.; COLLIER, R.J.; THACHER, W.W.; WILCOX, C.J. 1985. Effects of climatic and management factors on conception rate of dairy cattle in subtropical environment. J. Dairy Sci. 68:78-85.
BADINGA, L.; THATCHERT, W.W.; DÍAZ, T.; DROST, M.; WOLFENSON, D. 1993. Effect of environmental heat stress on follicular development and steroidogenesis in lactating Holstein cows. Theriogenology. 39:797-810.
BAÑUELOS, R.; SILVA, J.M.; ARÉCHIGA, C.F. 2001. La función de las proteínas de choque calórico en la reproducción animal. Orinoquia 5(1):41-50.
BENYEI, B.; GASPARDY, A.; CSEH, S. 2003. Effect of the El Niño phenomenon on the ovarian responsiveness and embryo production in donor cows. Acta. Vet. Hung. 51:209-218.
BETANCOURT, K.; IBRAHIM, M.; VILLANUEVA, C.; VARGAS, B. 2005. Efecto de la cobertura arbórea sobre el comportamiento animal en fincas ganaderas de doble propósito en Matiguás, Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 17, Article #81.Disponible desde Internet en: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/7/ beta17081.htm (con acceso 21/04/10).
BIGGERS, B.G.; GEISERT, R.D.; WETTEMAN, R.P.; BUCHANAN, D.S. 1987. Effect of heat stress on early embryonic development in the cow. J. Anim. Sci. 64:1512-1518.
BOEDIONO, A.; SUZUKI, T.; GODKE, R.A. 2003 Comparison of hybrid and purebred in vitro-derived cattle embryos during in vitro culture. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 78:1-11.
BREUEL, K.F.; LEWIS, P.E.; SCHRICK, F.N.; LISHMAN, A.W.; INSKEEP, E.K.; BUTCHER, R.L. 1993. Factors affecting fertility in the pospartum cow: role of the oocyte and follicle in conception rate. Biol. Reprod. 48:655-661.
BUFFINGTON, D.E.; COLAZO-AROCHO, A.; CANTON, G.H.; PITT, D.; THATCHER, W.W.; WILCOX, R.J. 1981. Black-globe-humidity index (BGHI as comfort equation for dairy cows). Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 24(4):711-714.
BURROW, H.M. 2001. Variances and covariances between productive and adaptive traits and temperament in a composite breed of tropical beef cattle. Livest. Prod. Sci. 70:213-233.
CABALLERO, C.S.; OCAMPO, C.L.; SUMANO, L.H. 1995. El uso de la somatotropina recombinante (STBr) durante el estrés calórico en ganado bovino. Tec. Pec. Mex. 33(3):168-176.
CHEBEL, R.C.; SANTOS, J.E.; REYNOLDS, J.P.; CERRI, R.L.; JUCHEM, S.O.; OVERTON, M. 2004. Factors affecting conception rate after artificial insemination and pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 84:239?55.
COLE, J.A.; HANSEN, P.J. 1993. Effects of administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the responses of lactating and nonlactating cows to heat stress. JAVMA. 203(1):113-117.
COLLIER, R.J.; DOELGER, S.G.; HEAD, H.H.; THATCHER, W.W.; WILCOX, C.J. 1982. Effects of heat stress during pregnancy on maternal hormone concentrations, calf birth weight and pospartum milk yield of Holstein cows. J. Anim. Sci. 54:309-319.
De CASTRO e PAULA, L.A.; ANDRZEJEWSKI, J.; JULIAN, D.; SPICER, L.J.; HANSEN, P.J. 2008 Oxygen and steroid concentrations in preovulatory follicles of lactating dairy cows exposed to acute heat stress. Theriogenology. 69: 805?813.
De DIOS VALLEJO, O. 2000. Ecofisiología de los bovinos en sistemas de producción del trópico húmedo. México, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco; p.28-59.
DUNLAP, S.E.; VINCENT, C.K. 1971. Influence of postbreeding thermal stress on conception rate in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 32:1216-1218.
FRASER, A.F.; BROOM, D.M. 1990. Farm animal behaviour and welfare. 3a ed. London (UK): Bailliére and Tindall. 437p.
GEISERT, R.D.; ZAVY, M.T.; BIGGERS, B.G. 1998. Effect of heat stress on conceptus and uterine secretions in the bovine. Theriogenology 29:1075-1082.
GIESECKE, W.H. 1985. The effect of stress on udder health of dairy cows. Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Res. 52:175-193.
GWAZDAUSKAS, F.C.; THATCHER, W.W.; KIDDY, C.A.; PAAPE, M.J.; WILCOX, C.J. 1981. Hormonal patterns during heat stress following PGF2a-tham salt induced luteal regression in heifers. Theriogenology. 16:271-285.
GÓNGORA, A.; HERNÁNDEZ, A. 2006: Comportamiento sexual, duración del estro y del ciclo estral en novillas criollas sanmartineras y brahman del piedemonte llanero colombiano. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 18, Article #1. Disponible desde Internet en: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/1/gong18001.htm (con acceso 28/04/10).
HAMMOND, A.C.; OLSON, T.A.; CHASE, Jr. C.C.; BOWERS, E.J.; RANDEL, R.D.; MURPHY, C.N.; VOGT, D.W.; TEWOLDE, A. 1996. Heat tolerance in two tropically adapted Bos taurus breeds, Senepol and Romosinuano, compared with Brahman, Angus, and Hereford cattle in Florida. J. Anim. Sci. 74:295-303.
HANSEN, P.J.; ARÉCHIGA, C.F. 1999. Strategies for managing reproduction the heat stressed dairy cow. J. Anim. Sci. 77 (suppl. 2):36-50.
HANSEN, P.J. 2007. Exploitation of genetic and physiological determinants of embryonic resistance to elevated temperature to improve embryonic survival in dairy cattle during heat stress. Theriogenology 68S: S242-S249.
HEAD, H.H.H.; SCHICK, P.O.; WILCOX, C.J. 1981. Interrelationships of physical measures of placenta, cow and calf (Abstr.). J. Dairy. Sci. 64 (Suppl):161.
HERNÁNDEZ-CERÓN, J.; CHASE, Jr. C.C.; HANSEN, P.J. 2004. Differences in heat tolerance between preimplantation embryos from brahman, romosinuano, and angus breeds. J. Dairy Sci. 87:53?58.
HÖTZEL, M.J.; PIHEIRO MACHADO, L.C. FILIO. 2000. Estresse, factores estressores e ben estar na criaçáo animal. En: Santos, C.V.; y Mauro L. Vieira, M.L., eds. Anais de Etología Anais do XVIII Econtro Anual de Etologia, Florianápolis, Brasil. p.25.
JASSIM, A.H.; RAY, D.E. 1986. Influence of season and environmental modifications on fertility of dairy cattle. Fourth Sci. Conf of Sci. Counc. Proc Agric. Res Iraq. 1(Part 3):1678-1694.
JIMÉNEZ, L.; HERNÁNDEZ, A. 1982. Morfología del alantocorion bovino entre los 27 y 88 días de gestación. Rev. ACOVEZ. 9(32):44-55.
JOHNSON, H.D.; KIBLER, H.H.; RAGSDALE, A.C.; BERRY, I.L.; SHANKLIN, M.D. 1961. Role of heat tolerance and production level in response of lactating Holstein to various temperature-humidity conditions (Abstract). J. Dairy Sci. 44:1191.
JU, J.C. 2005. Cellular responses of oocytes and embryos under thermal stress: hints to molecular signaling. Anim. Reprod. 2(2):79-90.
KORNMATITSUK, B.; CHANTARAPRATEEP, P.; KORNMATITSUK, S.; KINDAHL, H. 2008. Different Types of Postpartum Luteal Activity Affected by the Exposure of Heat Stress and Subsequent Reproductive Performance in Holstein Lactating Cows. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 43(5):515-519.
KRININGER III, C.E.; BLOCK, J.; AL-KATANANI, Y.M.; CHASE, C.C.; HANSEN, P.J. 2003. Differences between Brahman and Holstein cows in response to estrus synchronization, superovulation and resistance of embryos to heat shock. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 78:13-24.
LEE, C.N. 1993. Environmental stress effects on bovine reproduction. Vet. Clin. North. Am. Food. Anim. Pract. 9:263-273.
LOTAN, E.; STURMAN, H.; WELLER, J.I.; EZRA, E. 1993. Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin under conditions of high production and heat stress. J. Dairy Sci. 76:1394-1402.
MACKINNON, M.J.; MEYER, K.; D.D.; HETZEL, J.S. 1991. Genetic variation and covariation for growth, parasite resistance and heat tolerance in tropical cattle. Livest. Prod. Sci. 27:105-122.
MAUST, L.E.; MCDOWELL, R.E.; HOVEN, N.W. 1972. Effect of summer weather on performance of Holstein cows in three stages of lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 55:1133- 1139.
MOBERG, G.P. 1975. Effects of environment and management stress on reproduction in the dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 59(9):1618-1624.
MOHAMMED, H.O. 1991. Transfer of immunoglobulins and survival of newborn calves. The Cornell Vet. 81(2):173-182.
MONTY, D.E.; RACOWSKY, C. 1987. In vitro evaluation of early embryo viability and development of summer heat-stressed superovulated dairy cows. Theriogenology. 28:451-465.
NEBEL, R.L.; JOBST, S.M.; DRANSFIELD, M.B.G.; PANDOLFI, S.M.; BAILEY, T.L. 1997. Use of radio frequency data communication system, HeatWatch, to describe behavioral estrus in dairy cattle (Abstract). J. Dairy Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):179.
OLSON, T.A.; HAMMOND, A.C.; CHASE Jr. C.C. 1997. Evidence for the existence of a major gene influencing hair length and heat tolerance in Senepol cattle (Abstract). J. Anim. Sci. 75 (Suppl. 1):147.
PATTON, A.P. 1994. The dairy cow in a hot environment: Productive and physiological changes and their effect on management. In: Memorias del primer curso integral sobre estrés en animales domésticos. F.M.V.Z. U.N.A.M. México. D.F.
PEGORER, M.F.; VASCONCELOS, J.L.M.; TRINCA, L.A.; HANSEN, P.J.; BARROS, C.M. 2007. Influence of sire and sire breed (Gyr vs. Holstein) on establishment of pregnancy and embryonic loss in lactating Holstein cows during summer heat stress. Theriogenology. 67:692?697.
PLASSE, D.; WARNICK, A.C.; KOGER, M. 1968. Reproductive behaviour of Bos indicus females in subtropical environment. I. Puberty and ovulation frequency in Brahman x British heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 27:94-100.
PLASSE, D.; WARNICK, A.C.; KOGER, M. 1970. Reproductive behaviour of Bos indicus females in subtropical environment .IV. Length of estrous cycle, duration of estrus, time of ovulation, fertilization and embryo survival in grade Brahman heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 30:63-72.
PLASSE, D. 1994. Factores que influyen en la eficiencia reproductiva de bovinos de carne en América Latina Tropical y estrategias para mejorarla In: Memorias Manejo de la reproducción bovina en condiciones tropicales. Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
PUTNEY, D.J.; MALAYER, J.R.; GROSS, T.S.; THATCHER, W.W.; HANSEN, P.J.; DROST, M. 1988. Heat stress-induced alterations in the synthesis and secretion of proteins and prostaglandins by cultured bovine conceptus and uterine endometrium. Biol. Reprod. 39:717-728.
PUTNEY, D.J.; DROST, M.; THATCHER, W.W. 1989. Influence of summer heat stress on pregnancy rates of lactating dairy cattle following embryo transfer or artificial insemination. Theriogenology. 31:765-778.
REYNOLDS, L.P.; FERREL, C.L.; NIENABER, J.A. 1985. Effects of chronic environmental heat stress on blood flow and nutrient uptake of the gravid uterus and foetus. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 104:289-297.
RIVAS, P.C.; RODRÍGUEZ-MÁRQUEZ, J.M.; HERNÁNDEZ, A. 2006. Número de vasos sanguíneos y expresión del factor de crecimiento del endotelio vascular y de la óxido nítrico sintasa endotelial e inducida en la alantoides ovina. Rev. Cient. FCV-LUZ. 16(4):347-352.
ROBERTSHAW, D. 1984. Heat loss of cattle. In: Yousef, M.K. ed. Stress Physiology in Livestock Vol 1. Basic Principles ed. CRC Press. p.55-66.
RODRÍGUEZ, J.; HERNÁNDEZ, A.; HIDALGO, G. 2005. Área vascular del alantocorion ovino: un posible indicador post-mortem de sobrevivencia embrionaria. Rev. Cient. FCV-LUZ. 15(1):14-19.
ROTH, Z.; ARAV, A.; BOR, A.; ZERON, Y.; WOLFENSON, D. 2001. Improvement of quality of oocytes collected in the autumn by enhanced removal of impaired follicles from previously heat-stressed cows. Reproduction. 122:737?744.
ROTH, Z.; HANSEN, P.J. 2004. Involvement of apoptosis in disruption of oocyte competence by heat shock in cattle. Biol. Reprod. 71:1898-1906.
ROTH, Z.; HANSEN, P.J. 2005. Disruption of nuclear maturation and rearrangement of cytoskeletal elements in bovine oocytes exposed to heat shock during maturation. Reproduction. 129:235-244.
RUTLEDGE, J.J. 2001. Use of embryo transfer and IVF to bypass effects of heat stress. Theriogenology. 55:105-111.
SHEARER, J.K. 1992. Factors associated with concentrations of immunoglobulins in calostrum at the first milking post-calving. Prev. Vet. Med. 14:143-154.
SHEARER, J.K.; BRAY, D. 1995. Manteniendo la salud de la ubre y la calidad de la leche durante periodos calurosos. Hoard's Dairyman (Abstract).1(7):643.
SHEARER, J.K.; ELLIOT, J.B.; VARGAS, C. 1996. Raising replacement heifers in hot climates. In: Proceedings' of the International Conference on Livestock in the Tropics. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
SHEHAB-EL-DEEN, M.A.M.M.; LEROY, J.L.M.R.; FADEL, M.S.; SALEHS, Y.A.; MAES, D.; VAN SOOM, A. 2010. Biochemical changes in the follicular fluid of the dominant follicle of high producing dairy cows exposed to heat stress early post-partum. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 117:189-200.
STOTT, G.H.; WIERSMA, F.; MENEFEE, B.E.; RADWANSKI, R. 1976. Influence of environmental of passive immunity in calves. J. Dairy Sci. 59: 1306-1311.
St-PIERRE, N.R.; COBANOV, B.; SCHNITKEY, G. 2003. Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. J. Dairy Sci. 86:E52-E77.
THATCHER, W.W.; COLLIER, R.J. 1986. Effects of climate on bovine reproduction. In: Morrow, D.A. (ed). Current Veterinary Theriogenology. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia. WB Saunders Co. p.301-309.
THATCHER, W.W.; SAVIO, J.; SCHMITT, E.; DROST, M. 1993. Regulación de la fertilidad a través del control del desarrollo folicular. In: Memorias de la Conferencia Internacional sobre Ganadería en los Trópicos. Universidad de Florida. Gainesville, Florida.
THATCHER, W.W. 1996. Enhancement of fertility in heatstressed cows. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Livestock in the Tropics. Institute of food and agricultural sciences. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
TORRES-JÚNIOR, J.R.S.; PIRES, FA.; de SÁ, W.F.; FERREIRA, de M.; VIANA, J.H.M.; CAMARGO, L.S.A.; RAMOS, A.A.; FOLHADELLA, I.M.; POLISSENI, J.; de FREITAS, C.; CLEMENTE, C.A.A.; de SÁ FILHO, M.F.; PAULA-LOPES, F.F.; BARUSELLI, P.S. 2008. Effect of maternal heat-stress on follicular growth and oocyte competence in Bos indicus cattle. Theriogenology. 69:155-166.
ULBERG, L.C.; BURFENING, P.J. 1967. Embryo death resulting from adverse environment on spermatozoa or ova. J. Anim. Sci. 26:571-577.
WILSON, S.J.; KIRBY, C.J.; KOENIGSFELD, A.T.; KEISLER, D.H.; LUCY, M.C. 1998. Effects of controlled heat stress on ovarian function of dairy cattle. 2. Heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 81:2132-2138.
WOLFENSON, D.; THATCHER, W.W.; BADINGA, L.; SAVIO, J.D.; MEIDAN, R.; LEW, B.J.; BRAW-TAL, R.; BERMAN, A. 1995. Effect of stress on follicular development during the estrous in lactating dairy cattle. Biol. Reprod. 52:1106-1113.
WOLFENSON, D.; LEW, B.J.; THATCHER, W.W.; GRABER, Y.; MEIDAN, R. 1997. Seasonal and acute heat stress effects on steroid production by dominant follicles in cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 47:9-19.
WOLFENSON, D.; ROTH, Z.; MEIDAN, R. 2000. Impaired reproduction in heat stressed cattle: basic and applied aspects. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 60?61:535-547.
YOUSEF, M.K. 1985. Heat production mechanism and regulation In: Yousef, K.J (ed) Stress physiology in Livestock Vol 2. Basic Principles. CRC. Press. p.175-194.
Citado por
