Revisión del perfil de ácidos grasos en semillas oleaginosas, fitomejoramiento y aplicaciones
Review of the fatty acid profile in oilseeds, plant breeding and applications
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
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Los ácidos grasos saturados e insaturados desempeñan un papel fundamental en la protección del organismo frente a diversos trastornos metabólicos, entre ellos, destacan los ácidos grasos monoinsaturados omega-9 y los poliinsaturados omega-3 y omega-6, tradicionalmente obtenidos del pescado y otros recursos marinos; sin embargo, debido a la sobreexplotación de los ecosistemas acuáticos, se hace necesario identificar fuentes sostenibles alternativas. En este contexto, las semillas oleaginosas han cobrado relevancia como fuente calórica y nutricional. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar la importancia nutricional de los ácidos grasos, el contenido de aceite en diferentes semillas oleaginosas, su perfil lipídico y las aplicaciones de estos compuestos. Se recopilaron datos recientes que indican que cultivos como la soya, el maní, la colza, el girasol y la palma aceitera presentan rendimientos de aceite que oscilan entre el 18 y el 44 %. La palma aceitera es el cultivo con mayor rendimiento, aunque la soya continúa siendo la más sembrada, a nivel mundial, debido a su alta adaptabilidad. Se requiere mayor investigación para mejorar el perfil lipídico de estas semillas, optimizando la presencia de ácidos grasos beneficiosos. Asimismo, el rendimiento de aceite varía según el pretratamiento de la semilla y el método de extracción, siendo la extracción mecánica, mediante prensa expulsora, la más común. Finalmente, se destaca el ácido caprílico por su versatilidad, con aplicaciones en las industrias alimentaria, cosmética, industrial y medicinal, incluyendo el tratamiento de la epilepsia infantil, la quema de calorías y su uso como pesticida y agente antimicrobiano.
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- Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas UDCA
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- Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A
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